CCT333+Labs

= = = = = = = = = Lab #10: =

1. Ergonomics can be defined as the design of equipment that fits various human bodies. Cognitive aspects and human body movements fall under the ergonomics umbrella. Ergonomic design is created so that it is comfortable and easy-to-use for many people without being strained. “Human Scale Ergonomics” showed the differences between ergonomic design as well as poorly developed design of materials found in the office place (which easily be transferred into the home, etc.). Ergonomic design considers various people’s needs and can easily be modified to fit their needs.

The focus of ergonomics helps reduce reduce tension on the joints in the body after prolonged minimal activity. When sitting at a desk all day, you can easily get cramped up in areas of your body that are feeling tension. This may include your neck and shoulders, having tension here may be from typing on a computer all day. Another area in which you may have alot of tension in is your back, if you are not comfortable in a chair and your back isn't adequately supported you may find yourself with back problems.

It is a comprehensive study of how human use their belongings through daily activities. It studies the process or particular set of action and seeks to create a design which would fit nicely to the person's attributes in doing a task. It ultimately reduces stresses on your body and makes you feel comfortable and well suited using that product.

 2. The "Gilbreth system of motion analysis" is a system of motion analysis was first applied to the study of bricklaying by construction workers. When bricklaying, Gilbreth noticed how a 220 pound man had to stoop once to pick up a brick and another time for the cement. This caused less efficiency and fatigue for the workers. So he created a scaffolding system that reduced the energy required to lay brick, in turn increasing overall productivity and efficiency.

 3. Henry Ford was influenced by the efficiency expert Frederick Taylor who is an American mechanical engineer. He devised a system called "Scientific Management". This system involved the synthesis of workflows, improving efficiency and labour productivity. Taylor studied the employees within a workplace and timed their tasks while they were being executed. From what he examined, Taylor created a method in which tasks are broken down into segments that can be easily done. By breaking tasks down into segments and making them easier to execute, workers achieve great labour output with minimal skills/learning. This came to be known as Taylorism.

4. The four basic principles of McDonaldlization include:

 * ====Efficiency – the optimal method for accomplishing a task ====
 * ====Calculability – objective should be quantifiable rather than subjective ====
 * ====Predictability – standardized and uniform services ====
 * ====Control – standardized and uniform employees ====

= = = Lab #9: =

describe the tools and methods of 'service design' (2 paragraphs). From your personal experience, what would be a scenario in which these methods would be useful? (2 paragraphs)
==== Service design would be a user experience since it involves both interaction and product design. It purposely makes something more useful, usable, and desirable for the users. To ensure the goals are completed, service design is human-centered and focuses on the user-experience of the product or service by ensuring that the design is pleasurable and easy to use. Everyone is a service provider and it is very important that good customer service be implemented so that users/clients/customers have a positive experience. ====

==== The tools for service design are ethnography, user studies, & personas, customer journey maps, service blueprinting, ideation, context mapping & participatory design, and service prototyping. Ethnography, user studies, & personas are tools or studies that are used to figure out who the users are, where they come from, and what products or services they are interested in. A customer journey map visually measures consumers’ use and experience of a product or service over a period of time. The map displays all aspects of the customers’ feelings towards the service or product and offers solutions to solve any issues. Service blueprinting is the quantitative description of time, logical sequences and processes which are considered to be very important service elements. Everything from the time and place of the interaction with the service to actions performed behind the scenes are all recorded. Ideation, context mapping & participatory design is the process of tutoring users in a workshop to figure out their needs, hopes, wants, and expectations for certain products or services. Finally, the service prototyping is the method where real life situations are simulated through storyboards, scenarios, storytelling, movies, or performing arts so the service can be tested out. ====

= = = = = = = Lab #8: =


 * Describe how Natalie Jeremijenko has based her research on "new technologies are an opportunity for social transformation" to perform "small actions that can amount to a significant effect to improve local environmental health".**
 * Tip: Opening up TED's interactive transcript is very helpful to understand her talk and also looking over her web site on the Environmental Health at Clinic at [].**

Natalie Jermijenko designs projects to improving the health of people and environmental surroundings. She believes that bio-sensitive animals can be studied after being exposed to a certain environment where the quality of the environment can be studied through these animals. Mice and tadpoles were used as her examples of study. They are very sensitive to water quality which she found determines the quality.

Tadpoles would be placed into it and observe the reaction of the tadpole to the water. Mice also consumed the same substances as the human it was living with. An example would be a mouse being self-medicated with medicine that the human was taking, where it would drank as much alcoholic beverages as it would with water.


 * Choose two projects on HowStuffisMade at [] and write about how they are made.**


 * Fortune Cookie: **

 Fortune cookies are made of sugar, flour, water, and eggs. These main ingredients are mixed together to form a certain batter. The batter is then poured into a machine where it squirts small amounts onto griddles. The flat cookies are baked in a heated oven of 375 degrees. Another machine places the paper fortunes onto the cookies and folds them into their unique shape. After the cookies become hard, an employee inspects them to ensure that they are of best quality. If they are, the employee then places them back onto the convener belt of the machine so that they can be wrapped individually. The cookies are then placed into boxes and shipped out to various stores and restaurants.


 * Paper: **

 Raw material pulp is needed as the first step within the development process. Pulp is extracted from wood and is then shipped in big containers to the nearby factories to become manufactured. Then the pulp is mixed with water and its spread out on a mesh. Most of the content is now water after this step where the water is removed through a press and drying section. Paper is then coated with a substance to improve ink holdout, and reduce dot grain. It is then shipped in big rolls to be cut and packaged for retail stores.

Why is it important that we understand how stuff is made as part of our systems analysis and design process?

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> It is important that we understand how stuff is made by helping us understand the designing process. Through understanding an object based on the information and components that are needed for development, a designer can create a product efficiently where consumers understand what they are consuming. Also if we understand how something is made, it helps in the case of error as a designer can take backwards steps to see where something may have gone wrong. Ultimately, knowing how stuff is made just furthers our understanding of the design process and allows us to make improvements.

= Lab #6: =


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">High-Speed Train (Avian Elements) **

====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This japanese bullet train is one of the fasted trains in the world and is a biomimicry design. This train's design is based on the owl (quietest bird) and the kingfisher (beak). The train is designed with small serrations like that of an owl feathers that reduces the noise that is generated by the train's pantograph. Also, it borrowed an idea of a kingfisher's beak, which allows for the least amount of resistance when the bird dives into water. The train's nose cone is designed in a similar way so that the aerodynamic design reduces the sonic boom that occurs when the train passes from tunnel back into the open air. This train is designed in this specific way to reduce noise pollution. This is a great idea as noise pollution can be a problem to everyone as it can be harmful to their ears. ====


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Stanch the Bleeding **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Another design that has caught my interest is the ‘Stanch the Bleeding’ design. The design of ‘Stanch the Bleeding’ uses platelets, an element in the bloodstream that patrols the veins. Platelets are sticky bodies that are present in the blood when wounds occur; this allows their sticky substance to clot, in order to stop the bleeding. The design of Platelet is used in Stanch and bleeding as a solution to seal cracks and leaks. The platelet, in this case, sticks against the crack and leaks of pipes, preventing the resources to flow through the open surfaces. This design is well created because it is a finding that is constantly with us, yet, we don’t realize it. The design helps save resources from going to waste and prevents the destruction of well used products, and also, prevents the harm to the world (from the leaks).


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Self-Cleaning Paint (Leaving No Trace) **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The best part of using this product is that it does not use any toxic detergent. This can help to save the environment from pollution. It is also good for human health as workers do not need to intake toxic chemicals anymore when they want to clean things. The use of repel water is a good choice as it can get rid of stains and at the same time make use of natural resources.

= ** Lab #5: ** =

Designing Medicine Bottle For Seniors

= = = = = = = Lab #4: =

The Story of Stuff Stages & Developments


 * Extraction:**

This is the first stage of the process where people use resources from around the world such as chopping down trees for paper product, drill inside the ground to get oil and consume all the freshwater. Leonard explains that its not just that fact that people are using too much stuff, but they are using more than what they have to. When the resources in developed countries are consumed, they go to Third World countries and buy their resources instead. As a result, people are using all the resources from around the whole world where there is little to be left.


 * Production: **

The materials then move to the production stage. In order to make some specific products, human beings use energy to mix toxic chemicals in with the natural resources. Leonard explains that only a handful of chemicals have been tested for human health impacts and none of them have been tested for synergistic health impacts. The full impact of these toxins are not yet defined, but one thing is confirmed: Toxics in, Toxics out. Humans that create toxic products will be the ones who get the health impacts in return.


 * Distribution:**

This is the point where products are transported to the consumers. The idea is to quickly transport products at a low cost while increasing rates for consumers. Having this done will effectively compensate the amount paid in the Extraction and Production stages where they still end up generating a profit as a win-win situation. Generating a profit would ask for a price of a product that is more than the cost of making it. What keeps prices low is using developing countries for production, where labour is cheap and there are no health benefits for workers such as China.


 * Consumption:**

One of the most important stages that is also known as the driving force. Leonard describes this stage as the 'heart of the system'. If people stopped consuming products, the entire materials economy system would stop and fail. Without people consuming products there would be no need to extract, produce or distribute them. Leonard explains explains that our main identity is based around consumption. Humans are identified as consumers, not by certain titles but always as consumers. In this stage we see the implementation of planned and perceived obsolescence which insures that the notion of consumption stays strong. Planned obsolescence is when products are made to only last for a certain period of time, then when this product 'runs out' they have to go and consume another one. Perceived obsolescence uses the media to control and influence the overall image of a product to make people feel the need to get a new product so they may be upgraded and conformed with the latest and best model where their previous product would be no longer useful.


 * Disposal**

This is the final stage of the cycle. Due to the rate of the consumption, our household are actually cannot fit all the stuff that we buy. Turn out all the products that we got will eventually go out in our garbage. The garbage will be processed and burn or fill the land. The chemical in the products would release while it burns and pollute the air and the land. Also, many products cannot be recycle. Human would become the ultimate victims of this cycle. In another word, we are paying so much to harm our own health.

= Lab #2: =

**Design for the Other 90% at the Cooper Hewitt Museum**

 * 1) The Lifestraw:**

I found the "Lifestraw" to be an interesting product from the water category because I believe that it is an innovative and essential product. Clean and fresh water supply is essential to life survival for all. The "Lifestraw" appears to be an innovative yet accessible tool to instantly purify water supply for those living in poverty. I find it very useful and essential since it is a straw that is used to drink purified water and is manufactured to last with environmentally friendly material. It's a great project that may be successful in the future because of it's portable, accessible, and works efficiently for those who re deprived from water everyday. People living in poverty struggle to get a reliable source of clean water in which they need to get through their everyday lives. Having such a portable tool at a very low cost would help solve the issue of having no water accessible.


 * 2) Water**:

As mentioned before, fresh and clean water is essential to all life forms for survival. I believe that it is an important category since it is something that is needed everyday to keep one hydrated. It's an important topic to be further researched for a group project since it is a simple yet manageable topic that everyone an relate to.

= Lab #1: =

**Articles on the designer and design behind the ipod, Jonathan Ive, and How to Analyze an Object for Experience and Technical Design**
Compare and contrast a Sony Walkman, a Discman, and an Apple iPod, and describe the differences in their product and interface design, as well as how they deliver music technically.
 * Question #1:**


 * Sony Walkman:**

-Medium used to play music is the cassette tape. -Buttons used to operate the device are; play/pause, stop, record, eject, & 3.5mm headphone jack. -Cassette tape must be inserted into the device to operate. -Batteries are required (AA or AAA type possibly)


 * Discman:**

-Small LCD to display functions. -CD-R or/and CDR-W compact discs are required.

-Batteries are required (AA or AAA type possibly)


 * iPod:**

-LCD computer interface.

**Question #2:** ** Divide into pairs. If you were to build a web site dividing the characteristics of these devices into categories for a web site, what category titles would you use? List 6 categories which would be in your navigation bar. **


 * Cassette Tape:**


 * Compact Disc:**


 * MP3 Digital File Format:**